Nature vs nurture
3 main domains of development ( biosocial/psychosocial/cognitive)
Contexts/ holistic approach
Continuous( gradual) vs discontinuous ( stages): development
Scientific method: hypothesis/correlation/
Longitudinal/ cross-sectional, case study
Theories: What is a theory?
Psychosexual (Freud) behavior motivated by unconscious drive for gratification related to different areas of the body- Oral, Anal, Phalic, Latent, Genital
Psychosocial (Erikson) social-emotional crisis at each stage. First stage: Trust vs Mistrust
Cognitive-Piaget- stages of cognitive development- Children as active learner who construct knowledge through interaction with their world. First stage: Sensori-motor
Social-Cultural- Vygotsky- Knowledge passed through others. Guided Participation. Culture shapes our learning/ language shapes are learning.
Social Learning- Children are highly influenced by what is modeled for them
Behaviorist-Operant Conditioning- We tend to repeat behaviors that result in reward, creates a conditioning where the behavior is reinforced.
Ecological theory. Development is shaped by interaction between environmental systems. From the smallest system, the,Micro system, which focuses on the child and his immediate relationships out to the Macro system, the largest system that includes the overarching values/principles of a society. A change in one system, affects all systems.
Heredity:
DNA
Gene
Chromosome
Dominant / Recessive Transmission: eye color/ sickle-cell anemia
Concept of : Geneotype/ Pheneotype
Carrier
Polygenic/ skin color. height
Multifactorial
Gamete (sex cell) ( Ovum/Sperm) =23 chromosomes
Zygote( fertilized egg)= 23 PAIR of chromosomes ( 50% from mom and 50% from dad)
Monozygotic/ dizygotic twins
23RD Chromosome determines gender Female =XX, male=XY (sperm determines the sex of the child)
X-linked : Fragile X- ( #1 cause of mental delay that is genetically transmitted)
Chromosomal abnormalities: Down Syndrome ( mental delay, physical characteristics)
( how is it related to older mothers)
Genetic counseling.